(Solved by Humans)-Academic Journal Article Analysis Using the outline below, you

Question

Academic Journal Article Analysis

Using the outline below, you will write a four- to five-page long analysis of a popular magazine article that discusses an issue related to class content and discussed in the popular magazine article used for Popular Magazine Article Analysis assignment:

A brief overview of the article (content,?story line, and themes);

Evaluation and analysis of the article with the?use of course?concepts. Each concept and?key?term should be underlined.

Summary of your findings and?brief?comparison of comparison of academic and popular magazine articles and their presentation of the issue.

here are the topic and sources/link. please cite sources in APA along with cover page etc. there attached also in PDF

Caltech Researchers Find Evidence of a Real Ninth Planet http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2016/01/21/caltech-researchers-find-evidence-of-a-real-ninth-planet EVIDENCE FOR A DISTANT GIANT PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM http://authors.library.caltech.edu/63794/1/document.pdf

5/6/2016

Caltech Researchers Find Evidence of a Real Ninth Planet | News ? NASA Solar System Exploration

News
Caltech Researchers Find Evidence of a Real Ninth Planet
21 January 2016 (source: Caltech)

(galleries/planet-nine-artists-representation)
This artistic rendering shows the distant view from Planet Nine back towards the sun.
The planet is thought to be gaseous, similar to Uranus and Neptune. Hypothetical
lightning lights up the night side. Image Credit: Caltech/R. Hurt (IPAC)

Caltech researchers have found evidence of a giant planet tracing a bizarre, highly
elongated orbit in the outer solar system. The object, which the researchers have
nicknamed Planet Nine, has a mass about 10 times that of Earth and orbits about
20 times farther from the sun on average than does Neptune (which orbits the sun
at an average distance of 2.8 billion miles). In fact, it would take this new planet
between 10,000 and 20,000 years to make just one full orbit around the sun.
The researchers, Konstantin Batygin and Mike Brown, discovered the planet's
existence through mathematical modeling and computer simulations but have not
yet observed the object directly.
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"This would be a real ninth planet," says
Brown, the Richard and Barbara
Rosenberg Professor of Planetary
Astronomy. "There have only been two
true planets discovered since ancient
times, and this would be a third. It's a
pretty substantial chunk of our solar
system that's still out there to be found,
which is pretty exciting."
Brown notes that the putative ninth
planet-at 5,000 times the mass of Plutois suf?ciently large that there should be
no debate about whether it is a true
planet. Unlike the class of smaller
objects now known as dwarf planets,
Planet Nine gravitationally dominates its
neighborhood of the solar system. In
fact, it dominates a region larger than
any of the other known planets-a fact
that Brown says makes it "the most
planet-y of the planets in the whole solar
system."

(galleries/a-perfect-partnership)
Caltech professor Mike Brown and
assistant professor Konstanin Batygin
have been working together to investigate
distant objects in our solar system for
more than a year and a half. The two bring
very different perspectives to the work:
Brown is an observer, used to looking at
the sky to try and anchor everything in the
reality of what can be seen; Batygin is a
theorist who considers how things might
work from a physics standpoint. Image
Credit: Credit: Lance Hayashida/Caltech

Batygin and Brown describe their work
(http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/22) in the current
issue of the Astronomical Journal and show how Planet Nine helps explain a
number of mysterious features of the ?eld of icy objects and debris beyond
Neptune known as the Kuiper Belt.
"Although we were initially quite skeptical that this planet could exist, as we
continued to investigate its orbit and what it would mean for the outer solar
system, we become increasingly convinced that it is out there," says Batygin, an
assistant professor of planetary science. "For the ?rst time in over 150 years, there
is solid evidence that the solar system's planetary census is incomplete."
The road to the theoretical discovery was not straightforward. In 2014, a former
postdoc of Brown's, Chad Trujillo, and his colleague Scott Sheppard published a
paper noting that 13 of the most distant objects in the Kuiper Belt are similar with
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respect to an obscure orbital feature. To explain that similarity, they suggested the
possible presence of a small planet. Brown thought the planet solution was
unlikely, but his interest was piqued.
He took the problem down the hall to Batygin, and the two started what became a
year-and-a-half-long collaboration to investigate the distant objects. As an
observer and a theorist, respectively, the researchers approached the work from
very different perspectives-Brown as someone who looks at the sky and tries to
anchor everything in the context of what can be seen, and Batygin as someone
who puts himself within the context of dynamics, considering how things might
work from a physics standpoint. Those differences allowed the researchers to
challenge each other's ideas and to consider new possibilities. "I would bring in
some of these observational aspects; he would come back with arguments from
theory, and we would push each other. I don't think the discovery would have
happened without that back and forth," says Brown. " It was perhaps the most fun
year of working on a problem in the solar system that I've ever had."
Fairly quickly Batygin and Brown realized that the six most distant objects from
Trujillo and Sheppard's original collection all follow elliptical orbits that point in the
same direction in physical space. That is particularly surprising because the
outermost points of their orbits move around the solar system, and they travel at
different rates.
"It's almost like having six hands on a clock all moving at different rates, and when
you happen to look up, they're all in exactly the same place," says Brown. The odds
of having that happen are something like 1 in 100, he says. But on top of that, the
orbits of the six objects are also all tilted in the same way-pointing about 30
degrees downward in the same direction relative to the plane of the eight known
planets. The probability of that happening is about 0.007 percent. "Basically it
shouldn't happen randomly," Brown says. "So we thought something else must be
shaping these orbits."
The ?rst possibility they investigated was that perhaps there are enough distant
Kuiper Belt objects-some of which have not yet been discovered-to exert the
gravity needed to keep that subpopulation clustered together. The researchers
quickly ruled this out when it turned out that such a scenario would require the
Kuiper Belt to have about 100 times the mass it has today.

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That left them with the idea of a planet. Their ?rst instinct was to run simulations
involving a planet in a distant orbit that encircled the orbits of the six Kuiper Belt
objects, acting like a giant lasso to wrangle them into their alignment. Batygin says
that almost works but does not provide the observed eccentricities precisely.
"Close, but no cigar," he says.
Then, effectively by accident, Batygin and Brown noticed that if they ran their
simulations with a massive planet in an anti-aligned orbit-an orbit in which the
planet's closest approach to the sun, or perihelion, is 180 degrees across from the
perihelion of all the other objects and known planets-the distant Kuiper Belt
objects in the simulation assumed the alignment that is actually observed.
"Your natural response is 'This orbital geometry can't be right. This can't be stable
over the long term because, after all, this would cause the planet and these objects
to meet and eventually collide,'" says Batygin. But through a mechanism known as
mean-motion resonance, the anti-aligned orbit of the ninth planet actually prevents
the Kuiper Belt objects from colliding with it and keeps them aligned. As orbiting
objects approach each other they exchange energy. So, for example, for every four
orbits Planet Nine makes, a distant Kuiper Belt object might complete nine orbits.
They never collide. Instead, like a parent maintaining the arc of a child on a swing
with periodic pushes, Planet Nine nudges the orbits of distant Kuiper Belt objects
such that their con?guration with relation to the planet is preserved.
"Still, I was very skeptical," says Batygin. "I had never seen anything like this in
celestial mechanics."
But little by little, as the researchers investigated additional features and
consequences of the model, they became persuaded. "A good theory should not
only explain things that you set out to explain. It should hopefully explain things
that you didn't set out to explain and make predictions that are testable," says
Batygin.
And indeed Planet Nine's existence helps explain more than just the alignment of
the distant Kuiper Belt objects. It also provides an explanation for the mysterious
orbits that two of them trace. The ?rst of those objects, dubbed Sedna, was
discovered by Brown in 2003. Unlike standard-variety Kuiper Belt objects, which
get gravitationally "kicked out" by Neptune and then return back to it, Sedna never
gets very close to Neptune. A second object like Sedna, known as 2012 VP113,
was announced by Trujillo and Sheppard in 2014. Batygin and Brown found that
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the presence of Planet Nine in its proposed orbit naturally produces Sedna-like
objects by taking a standard Kuiper Belt object and slowly pulling it away into an
orbit less connected to Neptune.
But the real kicker for the researchers was the fact that their simulations also
predicted that there would be objects in the Kuiper Belt on orbits inclined
perpendicularly to the plane of the planets. Batygin kept ?nding evidence for these
in his simulations and took them to Brown. "Suddenly I realized there are objects
like that," recalls Brown. In the last three years, observers have identi?ed four
objects tracing orbits roughly along one perpendicular line from Neptune and one
object along another. "We plotted up the positions of those objects and their
orbits, and they matched the simulations exactly," says Brown. "When we found
that, my jaw sort of hit the ?oor."
"When the simulation aligned the distant Kuiper Belt objects and created objects
like Sedna, we thought this is kind of awesome-you kill two birds with one stone,"
says Batygin. "But with the existence of the planet also explaining these
perpendicular orbits, not only do you kill two birds, you also take down a bird that
you didn't realize was sitting in a nearby tree."
Where did Planet Nine come from and how did it end up in the outer solar system?
Scientists have long believed that the early solar system began with four planetary
cores that went on to grab all of the gas around them, forming the four gas
planets-Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Over time, collisions and ejections
shaped them and moved them out to their present locations. "But there is no
reason that there could not have been ?ve cores, rather than four," says Brown.
Planet Nine could represent that ?fth core, and if it got too close to Jupiter or
Saturn, it could have been ejected into its distant, eccentric orbit.
Batygin and Brown continue to re?ne their simulations and learn more about the
planet's orbit and its in?uence on the distant solar system. Meanwhile, Brown and
other colleagues have begun searching the skies for Planet Nine. Only the planet's
rough orbit is known, not the precise location of the planet on that elliptical path. If
the planet happens to be close to its perihelion, Brown says, astronomers should
be able to spot it in images captured by previous surveys. If it is in the most
distant part of its orbit, the world's largest telescopes-such as the twin 10-meter
telescopes at the W. M. Keck Observatory and the Subaru Telescope, all on Mauna
Kea in Hawaii-will be needed to see it. If, however, Planet Nine is now located
anywhere in between, many telescopes have a shot at ?nding it.
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"I would love to ?nd it," says Brown. "But I'd also be perfectly happy if someone
else found it. That is why we're publishing this paper. We hope that other people
are going to get inspired and start searching."
In terms of understanding more about the solar system's context in the rest of the
universe, Batygin says that in a couple of ways, this ninth planet that seems like
such an oddball to us would actually make our solar system more similar to the
other planetary systems that astronomers are ?nding around other stars. First,
most of the planets around other sunlike stars have no single orbital range-that is,
some orbit extremely close to their host stars while others follow exceptionally
distant orbits. Second, the most common planets around other stars range
between 1 and 10 Earth-masses.
"One of the most startling discoveries about other planetary systems has been
that the most common type of planet out there has a mass between that of Earth
and that of Neptune," says Batygin. "Until now, we've thought that the solar system
was lacking in this most common type of planet. Maybe we're more normal after
all."
Brown, well known for the signi?cant role he played in the demotion of Pluto from
a planet to a dwarf planet adds, "All those people who are mad that Pluto is no
longer a planet can be thrilled to know that there is a real planet out there still to be
found," he says. "Now we can go and ?nd this planet and make the solar system
have nine planets once again."
The paper is titled "Evidence for a Distant Giant Planet in the Solar System."
Written by Kimm Fesenmaier

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Saturn Spacecraft Not Affected by Hypothetical Planet 9 (news/2016?
10 Things: March 7 (news/2016/03/02/10-things-march-7)
10 Things: February 8 (news/2016/02/08/10-things-february-8)
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The Many Lives of "Planet X" (news/2016/02/01/the-many-lives-of-pla?

Credits
Author: Kimm Fesenmaier
Source:
Deborah Williams-Hedges
California Institute of Technology
(626) 395-3227
debwms@caltech.edu
Last Updated: 21 January 2016

Did you know?
In 1951, astronomer Gerard Kuiper suggested that there was a belt of cometlike debris at the edge of our solar system. But his theory wasn't con?rmed
until 1992 -- more that 20 years after his death.
more facts (planets/kbos/trivia)

Oort Cloud

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Hypothetical 'Planet

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(planets/oort)
(planets/kbos)

(planets/planetx)
learn more

(planets/oort)

more

learn more

(galleries/target/oort)

(galleries/orbital-predictions)
Orbital Predictions

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