(Solved by Humans)-A spider diagram is a visual tool usually used for planning your

Question

A spider diagram is a visual tool usually used for planning your writing. However, you can also use it for evaluating and thinking about a topic in detail.

Print out your Literature Review and grab a blank piece of paper.

For more information on the Spider Diagram, please visit the link at the top of this week's Content,?Spider Diagrams: How and Why They Work.

Task :

• Write your idea/title/topic/thesis in the center of a piece of paper. Draw a circle around it. ?For the purposes of this exercise, you will use the topic of your Literature Review.
• Draw a "leg" from the central "body" of your?Literature Review?topic towards the top right hand corner of the page. Label this "leg" with the first topic that you dealt with in your Review.
• Add more legs moving clockwise around the page until all the sections have been included, with the final one being somewhere near the top left of the page.
• Now divide each "leg" up into smaller "legs" with all the points that you made in each section. (Again work clockwise from the top left so that the sequence of ideas is maintained).
• Finally, please be sure that one section is devoted to identifying any gaps or niches in the research literature in your synthesis of sources essay (literature review), or WA#3.
• You may have to redraw your spider diagram several times until you find a structure that works for you. Make sure that you find a proposal structure that suits the needs of your Niches and Gaps paper. Please post your spider diagram below.
• Respond to this discussion topic with one paragraph describing how this task might have helped you or why it did not help you in organizing your thoughts for WA#3.

Karolyn Suarez
WRTG 391
Assignment #3: Literature Review
Professor Dr. Kimme Nuckles

Understanding the evolution of the United States healthcare system as impacted
by technology requires an observation of value added practices in addition to the system?s
progression from a reactive into a proactive market. Before the1920s most individuals
had no healthcare coverage as doctors understanding of diseases and the technology to
treat them was unreliable and primitive. Thus many individuals stayed home to heal and
had little faith in hospitals, which contributed to minimal care cost (). As doctors gained
knowledge of effective treatment methods for diseases, cost of care began to rise at which
point most individuals could no longer afford the expense. In home treatment also
changed as patients needed to be treated in hospitals to take advantage of the new
medical technology and the need for greater oversight.
Justin Ford Kimball an administrator at Baylor Hospital in Dallas, created a
system known as the Baylor Plan to help assist teachers with the rising cost of healthcare.
The plan would provide the blueprint to what is now the modern health insurance
community fathering such conglomerates as the organizations, which ultimately became
Blue Cross. Blue Shield insurance was introduced as a way for doctors to protect
themselves as more patients turned to hospitals for care. Competition and the intervention
of the government entered the playing field as the success of Blue Cross and Blue Shield
grew, this encouraged many other insures to join the healthcare market and healthcare
insurance packages were an added benefit for employees. However healthcare soon
became a required expense for employers, with the added benefit of government tax
incentives for those employers that offered these healthcare packages. The supply of
health insurance increased from 1940 to 1960 and more insurance companies flooded the

market, healthcare usage increased as the technology evolved and became more
sophisticated. By 1960 the private health insurance in the United States was well
established and medical technology, competition between hospitals, increased medication
cost, and malpractice lawsuits drove up the cost. Technology would eventually provide
for greater connectivity between doctor and patient allowing for advanced screening of
illness resulting in early detection of once almost incurable diseases.
The literature on the impact of technology on the health care field has highlighted
the valued advancements across almost every sector of the field. Yet the key
improvements in several facets of the field have lead to a revolution in treatment options
and availability. First, information management approached barriers between the health
care sector and patient, an attempt to bridge the gap between service provider and cost of
health awareness and maintenance. The elevated approach attempts to improve precarious
medical decision-making processes while serving the ethnical needs characteristics of the
public. Second, the introduction of technology has vastly improve connectivity between
the real world and patients experiencing critical if not life changing aliments offering a
sense of normality in areas where such was thought impossible. Third, improvements in
the health care sector has proven lucrative and progressive to those charged with the
wellbeing of the public at-large. Leading to new regulations in an attempt to establish
elevated structure across multiple characteristics of the industry.
Information Management
Undecipherable penmanship, tattered pages, antiquated communication systems i.e.
answering machines and pagers, etc. have long created considerable barriers between

physician and patient. Overdoses, self-medication and diagnosis, missed follow-ups were
all symptoms of a system which had failed to keep up with advancements in technology
(Bau 2011). The Health Information Technology for Economic Clinical Health
(HITECH) Act will attempt to provide a beacon of hope by way of a $29 billion
investment over the next five to ten years to digitize medical records. The methodology
develops an environment allowing for strengthened disbursement of critical medical data
throughout county, state and national sectors with the expectation that all medical records
and communication will be digitized by 2015 (HealthIT.gov 2014). The approach
conjures the consideration for the reduction of health care cost and improved quality care
within the industry. The uninsured and those residing in underserved communities
represent the prodigious hurdle to the development of a functional system as lost or
incomplete medical records a result of inconsistent care continues to plague the health
care sector. However, the Affordable Care Act of 2010, creates a standardized internetbased system to account for all members of the population thus, permitting for better
tracking and preventive care across the health care spectrum. In response many medical
organizations have invested in systems aimed at improving medical decision-making
amplifying their efficiency. Nevertheless, the systems like many of the health sector?s
advancements has shown moments of inconsistency; the failed consummation to provide
vital medical information immediately, decisions based on partial information producing
decreased quality care and misappropriated expenditures prove the outcome (Ben-Assuli,
O., Leshno, M., & Shabtai, I. 2011). The purpose of this research was to take a closer
look at how the contribution of IT to decision-makers (physicians) at the point of care of
emergency departments (EDs) by investigating whether the information systems (IS)

have improved the medical outcomes, in the complex and highly stressful environment of
the ED, with time constraints and overcrowding and the research showed that viewing
medical history contributes to admission decisions and clearly reduces the number of
avoidable admissions.

Connectivity
Increasingly sophisticated health information technologies (HIT) a result of
progressive legislation (HITECH and ACA), offer promising avenues to more effectively
engage historically difficult to reach groups and increase their access to health care
resources. The approach is to not only optimize the use of technologies but also
encourages collaboration between community leaders and health care providers to bring
unconnected individuals into formal health coverage and education (Crilly, J. F., Keefe,
R. H., & Volpe, F. 2011). Historically immigrants, non-English speakers and individuals
of color have experience limitations involving acceptable technology to access health
care information. However, the evolution of the mobile phone has allowed for greater
internet availability within the sector non-Hispanic African Americans (62%) and nonWhite Hispanics (56%). Yet, only one in four Latino households where the primary
language is Spanish have internet connectivity. While these current numbers seem
promising they fail to match the (74%) rate of connectivity of that of their White
counterparts thus creating a significant gap between the populations most underserved
minority demographics (cephn.org 2013). Connectivity within the confines of the health
care spectrum nevertheless, merely does not respond to one activity but a plethora of
enhancements geared toward improving the way of life for the consumer. The Journal of

Gerontological Care discusses the use of health information technology in long-term care
providing for increased efficiency, better accuracy, reduced costs, and improved
outcomes. The new technology is purported to be the key to improving health care and
efficient clinical decision-making for the addressed demographic. The new technologies
will allow sensors to passively monitor older adults at home and these technologies are
being developed and are commercially available, however the article points out the
integrating of the clinical information systems with passive monitoring data so that
clinical decision making is enhanced and patient records are complete has proven to be
challenging. Notwithstanding these improvements allow for the observation of a more
independent and enjoyable lifestyle option not available retrospectively. Technology has
also allowed for terminally ill children access to educational resources to further
educational goals. Institutions such as Grahamtastic Connection, provides tools and
support to help children to connect face-to-face with their classroom, teachers, family,
and friends, an act formerly unheard of erstwhile. The founder of Grahamtastic Leslie
Morrisette understood how the families of these ill children felt her son battled cancer,
and she vowed to help them "You can't drive the program, the technology drives the
program," stated Grahamtastic's founder, Leslie Morrisette (). Writer, B.T, observes
the impact of technology on Dennis Aabo S?rensen who was severely wounded nine
years ago in a fireworks accident. The accident left Dennis Aabo S?rensen?s hand so
badly injured he had to have his left arm amputated. The accident took away his ability to
function like he normally would be able to, until researchers embedded electrodes into
Dennis Aabo S?rensen?s arm, and touch sensors into a prosthetic hand this stimulated
S?rensen's nerves. "I could feel things that I hadn't been able to feel in over nine years,"

stated S?rensen. Silvestro Micera, a neural engineer at the Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in
Italy and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne in Switzerland, led the team
that gave S?rensen his touch back. "Without sensory feedback from our hands, we would
have difficulties performing even the most basic activities of daily living," stated Sliman
Bensmaia, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago. Connectivity through the scope
of health care technology has built bridges to remote areas of service creating burgeoning
opportunities to sustain and rebuild lives.

Cost

Health care spending in the United States continues to outpace other sectors of the
economy. An aging population due to advancements in medicine, growth in the
cost of medication, hospital and nursing home care, provider reimbursement,
durable medical equipment and an increase in medical malpractice lawsuits
represent a modicum of the factors that have contributed significantly to the
expenditure increase. Qualitative research highlighting the impact of health
information technology on the quality, efficiency and cost of health care discusses
how health care experts, policymakers, payers, and consumers consider health
information technologies, such as electronic health records and computerized
provider order entry, to be critical to transforming the health care industry.
Viewing information management as fundamental to the efficient management
health care delivery. Given the fragmented nature of health care, the large volume
of transactions in the system, the need to integrate new scientific evidence into
practice, and other complex information management activities, the limitations of

paper-based information management are intuitively apparent. While the benefits
of health information technology are clear in theory, adapting new information
systems to health care has proven difficult and rates of use have been limited.
Most information technology applications have centered on administrative and
financial transactions rather than on delivering clinical care (Chaudhry, B., Wang,
J., Wu, S., Maglione, M., Mojica, W., Roth, E., & ... Shekelle, P. n.d 2006).
Similar views regarding cost are expressed in the European Journal of Nuclear
Medicine and Molecular Imagining in an article written by Goyen, M., & Debatin,
J. F. Furthering the assumption of inflated cost Ezekiel Emanuel a famed
bioethicist from University of Pennsylvania and one of the principal architects of
President Obama?s Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, asserts that United
States has the highest health care spending in the world; Emanuel purports that
while optimist when it comes to health care efforts the ACA, while not
responsible for everything, is a major catalyst in that improvement.? Emmanuel
asserts that Americans spend more on health care than any other developed nation
however we don?t experience better care. Emanuel states ?the cost of care is also
an issue for all Americans. The U.S. has more CT Scans and MRI?s than nearly
every other country in the world, because hospitals make a high profit margin on
the procedure?. Emanuel goes on to contend that in the states ?most new
technology is pseudo-innovation, flashy devices to make the cost look like it is
worth it. Hospitals and doctors stand to lose the most if the U.S. improves
prevention and effectively keeps people from getting sick.? Emmanuel addresses
the costly side of technology on the healthcare field shows speaking first handedly

of how technology can be a costly improvement to the healthcare field
(Emmanuel 2014). Jonathan S. Skinner an economist who studies health care,
while championing the advances of technology on health procedures such as heart
surgery highlighting how surgeons no longer have to open the chest to replace
faulty arteries purports that the burgeoning advancements are threating to
bankrupt Medicare. Skinner among other economist suggest that the rise in
insurance premiums and not technology is behind the rise in care cost as care
providers set to profit from the medical advancements (Skinner 2013).

Conclusion
Technological advancements have allowed for archiving critical patient
data supporting greater efficiencies in treatment and diagnosis. Governmental
legislation such as the ACA and the HITECH have fostered an environment of
progression in health care practices and procedures, providing funding to
encourage compliance among hospitals and service providers. The legislation
however cannot system flaws and incomplete data as a result of such failures. Yet,
the expenditures have supported greater efficiencies in data sharing and storage.
While information management continues to evolve the evidence supports the
value added processes are much appreciated.
Underserved demographics within the health care community have began
to experience many of the advancements that technology by way of legislation
have incubated. Through greater availability of internet services and streamlined
paperwork geared at inclusive customer care the health care industry attempts to

provide care to all and not just a select few. This technology has allowed for
patients who may otherwise have felt displaced within the sector to experience
greater normality such as the patients at the Grahamtastic connection who are able
to interact with teachers and other students alike while still receiving treatment for
terminal illnesses.

The advances of technology on the health care system although
strengthening the system have incurred such cost that it has threatened to bankrupt
such governmental subsidies as Medicare. Cost while a major factor when
consideration of any enhancements is addressed has purposed itself as the driving
forces within the sector seeking to provide revenue for the opportunistic service
providers or as a barrier to those seeking care.

Although the environment has significant drawbacks with regards to cost
and connectivity the health care sector has burgeoned under the oversight of
technological advancement. From streamlined data collection to less invasive
health procedures, the health care industry within the United States is
experiencing a renaissance of epic proportions. And as legislation continues to
evolve to assist in the growth of the sector one thing is clear and that is the public
at large will continue to both suffer and benefit from such advancements.

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